Properties of the Bayesian Knowledge Tracing Model
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Abstract
Bayesian knowledge tracing has been used widely to model student learning. However, the name \Bayesian knowledge tracing" has been applied to two related, but distinct, models: The first is the Bayesian knowledge tracing Markov chain which predicts the student-averaged probability of a correct application of a skill. We present an analytical solution to this model and show that it is a function of three parameters and has the functional form of an exponential. The second form is the Bayesian knowledge tracing hidden Markov model which can use the individual student's performance at each opportunity to apply a skill to update the conditional probability that the student has learned that skill. We use a fixed point analysis to study solutions of this model and find a range of parameters where it has the desired behavior.
How to Cite
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Bayesian knowledge tracing, student modelling, Markov chain, hidden Markov model
Baker, R., Corbett, A., and Aleven, V. 2008. More Accurate Student Modeling through Contextual Estimation of Slip and Guess Probabilities in Bayesian Knowledge Tracing. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems, B. Woolf, E. Ameur, R. Nkambou, and S. Lajoie, Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5091. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 406-415.
Baker, R. S. J. D., Pardos, Z. A., Gowda, S. M., Nooraei, B. B., and Heffernan, N. T. 2011. Ensembling predictions of student knowledge within intelligent tutoring systems. In Pro- ceedings of the 19th international conference on User modeling, adaption, and personalization. UMAP'11. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 13-24.
Beck, J. and Chang, K.-m. 2007. Identifiability: A Fundamental Problem of Student Model- ing. In User Modeling 2007, C. Conati, K. McCoy, and G. Paliouras, Eds. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4511. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 137-146.
Blanchard, P., Devaney, R. L., and Hall, G. R. 2006. Differential Equations. Cengage Learning.
Chang, K.-m., Beck, J., Mostow, J., and Corbett, A. 2006. A bayes net toolkit for student modeling in intelligent tutoring systems. In Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems. ITS'06. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 104-113.
Chi, M., Koedinger, K., Gordon, G., Jordan, P., and VanLehn, K. 2011. Instructional Factors Analysis: A Cognitive Model For Multiple Instructional Interventions. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Educational Data Mining. Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
Corbett, A. T. and Anderson, J. R. 1995. Knowledge tracing: Modeling the acquisition of procedural knowledge. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 4, 4, 253-278.
Dempster, A. P., Laird, N. M., and Rubin, D. B. 1977. Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data via the EM Algorithm. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodologi- cal) 39, 1 (Jan.), 1-38.
Heathcote, A., Brown, S., and Mewhort, D. 2000. The power law repealed: The case for an exponential law of practice. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 7, 2, 185-207.
Lee, J. I. and Brunskill, E. 2012. The Impact on Individualizing Student Models on Necessary Practice Opportunities. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Educational Data Mining. Chania, Greece, 118-125.
Pardos, Z. A., Gowda, S. M., Baker, R. S., and Heffernan, N. T. 2012. The sum is greater than the parts: ensembling models of student knowledge in educational software. ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter 13, 2 (May), 37-44.
Pardos, Z. A., Gowda, S. M., Baker, R. S. J. d., and Heffernan, N. T. 2011. Ensembling Predictions of Student Post-Test Scores for an Intelligent Tutoring System. 189-198.
Pardos, Z. A. and Heffernan, N. T. 2010. Navigating the parameter space of Bayesian Knowl- edge Tracing models: Visualizations of the convergence of the Expectation Maximization al- gorithm. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Educational Data Mining. Pittsburgh, PA.
Ritter, S., Anderson, J. R., Koedinger, K. R., and Corbett, A. 2007. Cognitive Tutor: Applied research in mathematics education. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 14, 2 (Apr.), 249-255.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
- Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons 4.0 License (Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International), or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
- Noncommercial—other users (including Publisher) may not use this Work for commercial purposes;
- No Derivative Works—other users (including Publisher) may not alter, transform, or build upon this Work,with the understanding that any of the above conditions can be waived with permission from the Author and that where the Work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license.
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a pre-publication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (see The Effect of Open Access). Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.