Study Navigator: An Algorithmically Generated Aid for Learning from Electronic Textbooks
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Abstract
We present study navigator, an algorithmically-generated aid for enhancing the experience of studying from electronic textbooks. The study navigator for a section of the book consists of helpful concept references for understanding this section. Each concept reference is a pair consisting of a concept phrase explained elsewhere and the link to the section in which it has been explained. We propose a novel reader model for textbooks and an algorithm for generating the study navigator based on this model. We also present an extension of the study navigator specialized to accommodate the information processing preference of the student. Specifically, this specialization allows a student to control the balance between references to sections that help refresh material already studied vs. sections that provide more advanced information. We also present two user studies that demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed system across textbooks on different subjects from different grades.
How to Cite
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
electronic textbooks, reader model for textbooks, significance score, concept references
ANDERSON, J. R. 1982. Acquisition of cognitive skill. Psychological review 89, 4.
BAKEWELL, K. 1993. Research in indexing: More needed? Indexer 18, 3.
BAREISS, R. AND OSGOOD, R. 1993. Applying AI models to the design of exploratory hypermedia systems. In ACM Conference on Hypertext.
BIRKERTS, S. 2006. The Gutenberg Elegies: The Fate of Reading in an Electronic Age. Faber & Faber.
BRUSILOVSKY, P. 2001. Adaptive hypermedia. User modeling and user-adapted interaction 11, 1-2.
BRUSILOVSKY, P., EKLUND, J., AND SCHWARZ, E. 1998. Web-based education for all: A tool for development adaptive courseware. In WWW.
BRUSILOVSKY, P., SCHWARZ, E., AND WEBER, G. 1996. ELM-ART: An intelligent tutoring system on World Wide Web. In ITS. CDE. 2012. California Education Technology Task Force Recommendations. California Department of Education.
CHI, E. H., HONG, L., GUMBRECHT, M., AND CARD, S. K. 2005. ScentHighlights: Highlighting conceptually-related sentences during reading. In IUI.
CHI, E. H., HONG, L., HEISER, J., AND CARD, S. K. 2006. ScentIndex: Conceptually reorganizing subject indexes for reading. In IEEE Symposium On Visual Analytics Science And Technology. CK-12. CK-12 Foundation. http://www.ck12.org/.
CLEARY, C. AND BAREISS, R. 1996. Practical methods for automatically generating typed links. In ACM Conference on Hypertext.
FELLBAUM, C. 1998. WordNet: An electronic lexical database. MIT Press.
FIDEL, R. 1994. User-centered indexing. Journal of the American Society for Information Science 45, 8.
FORTUNATO, S., BOGU˜N´A, M., FLAMMINI, A., AND MENCZER, F. 2008. Approximating pagerank from in-degree. Algorithms and Models for the Web-Graph, LNCS 4936.
HENZE, N. AND NEJDL, W. 2001. Adaptation in open corpus hypermedia. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 12, 4. IMHRD. 2012. Report on Aakash tablet. Indian Ministry of Human Resource Development.
JEH, G. AND WIDOM, J. 2003. Scaling personalized web search. In WWW.
JURAFSKY, D. AND MARTIN, J. 2008. Speech and language processing. Prentice Hall.
JUSTESON, J. S. AND KATZ, S. M. 1995. Technical terminology: Some linguistic properties and an algorithm for indentification in text. Natural Language Engineering 1, 1.
KELLY, D. 2008. Adaptive versus learner control in a multiple intelligence learning environment. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia 17, 3.
MEEKER, M. 2012. Internet trends. Tech. rep., KPCB.
MOTWANI, R. AND RAGHAVAN, P. 1995. Randomized Algorithms. Cambridge University Press.
MULVANY, N. 2005. Indexing books. University of Chicago Press.
ONG, W. J. 1982. Orality & Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. Methuen.
PAPANIKOLAOU, K. A., GRIGORIADOU, M., KORNILAKIS, H., AND MAGOULAS, G. D. 2003. Personalizing the interaction in a web-based educational hypermedia system: The case of INSPIRE. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 13, 3.
REMDE, J. R., GOMEZ, L. M., AND LANDAUER, T. K. 1987. SuperBook: An automatic tool for information exploration – hypertext? In ACM Conference on Hypertext.
SAARI, D. 2001. Decisions and elections: Explaining the unexpected. Cambridge University Press.
SALTON, G., ALLAN, J., BUCKLEY, C., AND SINGHAL, A. 1994. Automatic analysis, theme generation, and summarization of machine-readable texts. Science 264, 5164.
THAYER, A., LEE, C. P., HWANG, L. H., SALES, H., SEN, P., AND DALAL, N. 2011. The imposition and superimposition of digital reading technology: The academic potential of e-readers. In CHI.
TOUTANOVA, K., KLEIN, D., MANNING, C. D., AND SINGER, Y. 2003. Feature-rich part-of-speech tagging with a cyclic dependency network. In NAACL–HLT.
TRIANTAFILLOU, E., POMPORTSIS, A., DEMETRIADIS, S., AND GEORGIADOU, E. 2004. The value of adaptivity based on cognitive style: an empirical study. British Journal of Educational Technology 35, 1.
WANG, K., THRASHER, C., VIEGAS, E., LI, X., AND HSU, P. 2010. An overview of Microsoft Web N-gram corpus and applications. In NAACL–HLT.
WEBER, G. AND SPECHT, M. 1997. User modeling and adaptive navigation support in WWW-based tutoring systems. In UM.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
- Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons 4.0 License (Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International), or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
- Noncommercial—other users (including Publisher) may not use this Work for commercial purposes;
- No Derivative Works—other users (including Publisher) may not alter, transform, or build upon this Work,with the understanding that any of the above conditions can be waived with permission from the Author and that where the Work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license.
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a pre-publication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (see The Effect of Open Access). Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.